2023

 

Alexander Martinborough (Queen's University), Amelia Rosch (McGill University)

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Alexander Martinborough’s paper “Responsible Government, Imperial Obligations, and the Politics of Intercolonial Comparison” uses crisis moments in late-nineteenth-century imperial governance to explore the fragility of “responsible” government in settler colonial settings.  The Committee was impressed with Martinborough’s deft handling of such a broad topic in a short paper, and how clearly he established the historiographical stakes of his argument.  Martinborough uses an innovative comparison, putting in dialogue the experiences of Métis Indigenous people of Red River with the Maori of Aoteoroa New Zealand.  In doing so, Martinborough demonstrates how Indigenous people appropriated and undermined the language of responsible government and the legitimacy of British settler legal claims.  

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Amelia Rosch’s paper “‘A Codpiece with a Charm’: Coffee and Demographic Anxiety in 1670s England,” offers a new interpretation of a well-known pamphlet. Drawing on the history of medicine and demographic history, Rosch demonstrates that the 1674 “Women’s Petition Against Coffee,” which claimed that coffee led to male impotence, was satirical in tone but serious in expressing its fears about English demographic decline.  By situating coffee in a discussion of the Galenic humours theory of medicine, Rosch shows the theoretical underpinnings of the pamphlet’s arguments, thus using a single document to cast light on many wider social issues in Restoration Britain.  The Committee was impressed with how Rosch carefully but confidently revised a traditional interpretation, and presented broad findings with clarity and humour. 

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Honorable Mention: Joe Borsato (Queen's University)

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Joe Borsato’s paper, “‘If We Plant By Composition’: Anglo-Arawak Relations and Roman Law in Guianan Colonization, 1609-1630,” is a fascinating account of how the Arawak people asserted their status as tenurial land-owners, thus subverting and confusing English attempts at colonization, since English use of both Roman and natural law traditions recognized such land claims.  The Committee appreciated Borsato’s careful methodology and the possibilities it opened for other scholars to consider the application of Roman legal traditions in colonization, as well as how Indigenous groups successfully re-interpreted colonial infrastructure and asserted their land rights.   

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2022

 

Camden Elliot (Harvard University) and Rebecca Yates (McGill University).

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Camden Elliott’s paper, “‘By Nature each has an interest in Every individual spot of ground’: A Native American Environmental Ethic on a British Frontier,” was delivered on the panel “Environment and Colonialism” at the 2022 conference at Bates. In exploring the environmentalist notions of the Algonquian-speaking peoples in the Wôbanak, “the Dawnland,” it convincingly demonstrates that nearly a century of warfare was the product not of Native Americans’ lack of a conception of property but rather the refusal or inability of British colonists to understand what they were being told. The paper’s argument that the natural world was not simply the stage on which the Anglo-Wabanaki wars were waged is an eloquent example of the rethinking promoted by the new environmental history.

Rebecca Yates’ paper, “Discounting Religious Difference?: The Establishment of Anglo-Islamic Diplomatic Relations Through the Lens of Royal Correspondence,” was delivered on the panel “Diplomacy and Royalty” at the 2022 conference at Bates. Through a close reading of the royal correspondence between Elizabeth I of England and Ottoman Sultans Murad III and Mehmed III, the paper skilfully explores how relations were established across the cultural divide. In exemplary fashion, it teases out how emphasis placed on shared practices (monotheism, iconoclasm, opposition to idolatry) and a mutual opposition to Rome allowed a surprising amount of space for commercial and diplomatic negotiations.

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2021

 

Joseph Bienko (Penn State University)

 

Joseph Bienko's paper, “‘The Rest Must of Necessity Perish’: Environmental Small Wars in Cromwell’s Western Design,” was presented on the panel “Empire and Trade in the Early Modern Atlantic World” at the virtual 2021 NECBS annual meeting. Cromwell miscalculated in his plans to force the Spanish from Hispaniola and Jamaica in the 1650s; he won Jamaica, but he had assumed his soldiers would be able to live off the land. As Bienko ably demonstrates in this very interesting and original paper, re-reading narratives and papers of the conquest reveals the degree to which the environment and environmental infrastructure played a role in the considerable challenges the soldiers would face in five years of guerrilla warfare. While disease wreaked havoc for both Spanish and English, so too did the management of food and water resources, local understanding of the landscape and ability to find shelter. Indeed, Bienko argues, knowledge of the environmental infrastructure and the manipulation of it “shaped the fate of empires in the seventeenth century.”

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2020

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​John Gendron (Texas Tech University) and Hannah Groch-Begley (Rutgers University).

John Gendron’s paper, “Regulatory Failure and the Establishment of Generalized Institutions in England’s Textile Industry, 1550-1640,” upends long-held scholarly emphasis on the role of elite interest in this critical period of economic growth. For economic historians, the key regulatory changes that paved the way to growth were the product of political struggles between the elite and the crown; Gendron, however, sees far more motivation for regulatory change among popular forces who, by contrast, worked through royal institutions in the century prior to the Civil War. In making his case, Gendron puts on full display his mastery of the scholarship and his ability to interweave several generations’ worth of scholarship with archival material to produce a compelling new story.

Hannah Groch-Begley’s “‘She Screamed as the Bayonet Ended Her Exploits’: Comprehending and Controlling Disorderly Female Violence on the Battlefield in WWI” takes as its starting point rumors that the Ottoman forces deployed female snipers in combat against British Imperial forces. Historians have dismissed these accounts almost entirely. By contrast, Groch-Begley centers these potentially-mythical women in her paper to offer a powerful example of the cultural and psychological work of gender and racial stereotypes in the context of war. At a time in which British power, and the allied cause as a whole, came under fire, narratives surrounding these rumors encapsulated at once troops’ sense of wonder at the Ottoman’s “unexpected skill” as well as revulsion that women could be (or be made to be) so violent.

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2019

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Arinn Amer (Graduate Center, City University of New York)

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Arinn Amer's paper, “Making Macaronis & Unmaking Selves: Tarring and Feathering as Gendered Violence in Eighteenth-Century British North America,” was presented on the panel “Colonial Contexts of Early Modern Gender and Violence” at the 2019 NECBS annual meeting, held at McGill University in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Drawing expertly on victims’ testimonies and depictions of tarring and feathering that circulated on both sides of the Atlantic, Amer argues that these assaults must be seen as more than the rituals of an early modern world. Rather, in the context of imperial crisis and revolution, depictions of sexual violence  — eyewitness and satirical — served as political, as well as social, critique. Casting the perpetrators’ acts as abhorrent they made the individual violence of the act a rationale for collective social censure, political distance, and even war.

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2018

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There was no Underdown Prize competition following the 2018 meeting.

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2017

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Sonia Tycko (Harvard University)

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Sonia Tycko's paper, “Charity, Contract, and Coercion in the Case of Scottish and Dutch Prisoners of War in the English Fen Drainage Project, 1651-53,” was presented on the panel “British-Dutch Exchanges and Collaborations in the Late Tudor and Early Stuart Periods” at the 2017 NECBS annual meeting held at Endicott College in Beverly, Massachusetts. Tycko’s paper examines the English use of foreign prisoners of war in contract labor, a practice that stood in contrast to military law and accepted diplomatic norms of the age. Cogent and well-argued throughout, this paper offers an excellent analysis of source material and a fresh account of shifting theories of labor and the rationales the English used to defend their practices.

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2016

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Andrew Kettler (University of South Carolina)

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Andrew Kettler's paper, “`The Devil’s Element:’ Cultural Constructions of Metaphorical Brimstone and Sulfuric Instrumentality in Early Modern England,” was presented on the panel “Body, Spirit, and Metaphor in Early Modern England” at the 2016 meeting of the NECBS, held at St. Michael’s College in Colchester, Vermont. Kettler’s fascinating paper examines the ways in which early modern understandings of sulfuric odors shifted over the course of the period by carefully examining a range of sources including literary texts, scientific treatises, and religious tracts. While sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century conceptions tended to associate the smell of sulfur with evil (a sensory indication of the devil’s presence on earth), by the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries new meanings were attached to the substance’s smell as natural philosophers, alchemists, physicians, and state officials began to employ it in novel ways. As Kettler perceptively notes, sulfur’s growing presence in urban environments as a medicine, a cleanser, and an important component in gunpowder, meant that English people were, by the late-seventeenth century, ascribing to it a new sort of cultural meaning that reflected not only the growth of more secular worldviews but also an increasing familiarity with scientific discourses and ideas. Like all good historians, Kettler is careful to note the complexities of the shift he uncovers. Even as the popular meanings of sulfur changed, he observes, sulfuric smells as metaphors for evil persisted in literary works. Kettler’s work is an important intervention in cultural history, pointing to the ways in which the exploration of both sensory experiences and meanings can yield exciting results in seeking to understand the early modern world.

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2015

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Seth LeJacq (Johns Hopkins University)

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Seth LeJacq's paper, “Between Decks: Sodomy, Masculinity, and Abuse of Authority in the Nelsonian Royal Navy,” was presented on the panel “Gender, Sexuality, and Reputation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries” at the 2015 meeting of the NECBS, held at the University of Ottawa. LeJacq’s insightful essay explores the trials of men court-martialed for having sex with other men in the Royal Navy during the years between the start of the French Revolution and the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. Combining statistical analysis with deep and close readings of individual cases, LeJacq illustrates both the potential for homoerotic contact in the British navy and the circumstances that produced, in some instances, the close scrutiny and prosecution of those acts. In so doing, he carefully reveals how concerns about same-sex behavior were frequently subject to careful regulation, and therefore formally defined as sodomy, only at those times when they were perceived to be either egregiously disordering or generally reflective of broad abuses of power. As LeJacq notes, cases that elicited the particular concern of prosecutors in this period were those involving acts between higher-status and lower-status and older and younger men. Occurring at a time when the Royal Navy was especially active internationally but also when new definitions of class, sexuality, and gender were beginning to emerge, relations of this sort were seen to challenge the hierarchies of shipboard relations and undermine the morally-inspired, paternalistic, and polite masculine authority that became increasingly central to the naval officer’s exercise of power in this period. Historiographically-informed, extremely well-researched, and provocative, LeJacq’s work shows great promise and reflects the growing sophistication of new histories of sexuality in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain.

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2014

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J’Nese Williams (Vanderbilt University)

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J'Nese Williams' paper, “The Texture of Empire: Colonial Botanic Gardens in India in the Nineteenth Century,” was presented on the panel “Commodities, the Natural Word, and Power in Britain and the Empire,” at the 2014 meeting of the NECBS, held at Bates College in Maine. The prize committee commends Ms. Williams for her sophisticated, thoughtful case study of (agri)cultural imperialism at work. Her paper examines Indian botanical gardens and agricultural societies in the years before the rise of formal agricultural departments and imperial plant policy coordinated by the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, beginning with the creation of the Calcutta Garden in 1787 under the auspices of the East India Company. It argues that the centralizing, formal developments of the 1860s constituted not so much new policy but new strategies for achieving long-standing aims: profit, famine relief, and demonstrations of ‘good governance’ of a sort intended to conciliate and co-opt Indian landowners. Both the East India Company and the presidency governments had promoted local agricultural societies to pursue their interests. The crises of the 1860s manifested the failures of this early public-private hybrid network of gardens and societies, however, with improvement too often subordinated to profit. In a commendably well researched and written paper, Williams contributes to our understandings of empire and environment.

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2013

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Lucy Sheehan (Columbia University)

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Lucy Sheehan's paper, “Intimate Productions: Slavery and Industrialism in Frances Trollope’s Fiction,” was presented on the panel, “Negotiating the Nation in the Nineteenth Century” at the 2013 meeting of the NECBS, held at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. The prize committee commends Ms. Sheehan for her insightful and elegantly written analysis of two novels by Frances Trollope: The Life and Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw; or Scenes on the Mississippi (1836) and The Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy (1840). In exploring these complicated narratives intertextually, Sheehan brilliantly employs the insights of literary critics and historians alike to illustrate the links between slavery and industrial capitalism as intimate acts of real (in the instance of the Caribbean plantation) and metaphorical (in the instance of factories) maternal reproduction. In so doing, Sheehan highlights how Trollope entwined, in her fiction, the birth of slave children and the productive capacities of the well-regulated machine, illustrating in new and intriguing ways the links between these two economic systems. These links also entailed, for Sheehan, a form of corporeal commodification in which laboring bodies, be they those of slaves or factory hands, became consumable objects. Sheehan thus reminds us that cultural explorations of the history of industrialism generally and the novels of social realists more specifically require that we think across both national and imperial boundaries.

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2012

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Tim Rogan (University of Cambridge)

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Tim Rogan's paper, “Shifting Conceptions of Self and Society in the Formation of the Anglo-American New Left,” was presented on the panel, “A Common Language? Cross-Currents in Anglo-American Intellectual Exchange c. 1930 – c. 1970,” at the 2012 joint meeting of the NACBS/NECBS, held in Montreal, Canada. The prize committee commends Mr. Rogan for his nuanced and passionate account of the intellectual links forged during the 1950s between the American sociologist, C.Wright Mills and key members of the British New Left, notably E.P. Thompson and Stuart Hall. Though these men had their differences, especially over the role of the working class, Rogan shows that they coalesced strongly around Mills’ conception of the public intellectual. This formulation promised to give intellectual work new vitality and prestige by linking it to other forms of organic creativity and craftsmanship; especially for the British it also seemed to offer a way to heal the breach between intellectuals and the Labor Movement. Rogan shows how central the idea of the public intellectual was to the New Left in its early years, while usefully differentiating New Left intellectuals’ approach to self and society from that of an older generation of leftists. Though Rogan focuses on a fleeting phase in the evolution of the New Left he convinces us that it is a crucial one for understanding this enormously influential movement.

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2011

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Desmond Fitz-Gibbon (University of California Berkeley) and Padraic Scanlan, (Princeton University)

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Desmond Fitz-Gibbon's paper, “Auctioneers, Estate Agents and the Culture of the Property Market in Nineteenth-Century England,” was presented on the panel, “Class and the Evolving Market Economy in the Nineteenth Century,” at the 2011 meeting of the NECBS, held at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester. The prize committee commends Mr Fitz-Gibbon for a beautifully written essay that poses a series of imaginative and incisive questions about a rather mundane subject – the mechanics of home-buying in Victorian England. Moving beyond a mere “history of the professions,” in this case those of auctioneers and estate agents, Fitz-Gibbon creatively gets to the heart of those status concerns and anxieties that seethed just beneath the surface of Victorian middle-class domesticity.

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Paraic Scalan's paper, “‘The Seeds of Reformation’: Colonialism in Sierra Leone after the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1808-1815,” was presented on the panel, “Trading Companies and Empire, 1670-1930,” at the 2011 meeting of the NECBS, held at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester. The prize committee commends Mr Scanlan for delving deeply into a rich and under-utilized source base in order to tell a compelling story of the slow and ambivalent ways in which slavery was abolished in and around the colony of Sierra Leone, replaced by only slightly less coercive systems of labor exploitation. Sophisticated and thought-provoking, attuned to the debates and issues in the existing scholarship, Scanlan’s essay skillfully shows just how difficult it was for recently “liberated” people to be viewed in anything other than commodified terms.

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2010

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Eve Colpus (Oxford University, New College)

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Eve Colpus' paper, “‘The Week’s Good Cause’: Philanthropy and the British Broadcasting Corporation, c. 1922-1939,” was presented on the panel “Mass Culture and the Market: The Media in Interwar Britain,” at the 2010 meeting of the NECBS, held at the University of Vermont in Burlington. The Prize committee commends Ms. Colpus for a paper that was engaging and imaginative, elegantly written, deeply researched, and keenly attentive to the nuances of historical change. By situating the interwar philanthropic practices of the BBC in an expansive historical context, the paper ranged broadly and insightfully across various domains in order to make sense of a new, yet old cultural practice. The result was an essay that exuded a multidimensional richness as it moved effortlessly back and forth amongst the history of philanthropy, the mass media, the state, consumption, and celebrity culture.